Respect to gesture rates accompanying speech in English. The results also suggest that the proficiency level of foreign and second language learners ofĮnglish determines the degree to which they use communicative strategies especially with The results showed that students of intermediate level made use of gestures, bothĭeictic and iconic gesture, at a higher rate as compared to students of upper intermediate level. Groups were asked to describe a photograph and to engage in a 10-minute conversation with the (i.e., deictic gesture as well as iconic gesture), were investigated.

Similarities and differences between these two groups of students in terms of their use of gestures This hypothesis was tested in the present study through aĬomparative analysis between 10 upper intermediate and 10 intermediate level students. Students’ proficiency level is closely related to the gesture rates accompanying speech While results show that the gesture-speech relationship is not significantly influenced by different language backgrounds of a speaker, speakers at a high proficiency level tended to use significantly more gestures that serve reinforcing and integrating functions, whereas less proficient speakers produced more gestures as complements and other gestures that have no obvious relationship to the conceptual content of their accompanying speech. The gesture-speech relationship was shown to fall into six discrete categories: reinforcing, integrating, supplementary, complementary, contradictory, and others. The findings demonstrate similar preferences of gesture-speech production by speakers despite different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. The analysis of the semantic categories of the co-gesture speech demonstrates that speech most commonly co-occurs with gestures in the categories of moving, coming and going, general objects, numbers, location and direction, and time. This study investigates face-to-face interaction among Taiwanese, Indonesian, and Indian speakers utilizing a multimodal corpus linguistics approach to examine semantic categories of speech that most frequently co-occur with gestures, and whether the gesture-speech relationship is to a certain extent influenced by language/culture backgrounds or English proficiency levels of a speaker.

Thus, both type of gesture and proficiency of speaker need to be considered when accounting for how gesture and speech are used in a narrative context. In contrast, less proficient speakers produced concrete deictic gestures and iconic gestures whether or not referents were lexically specified in speech. Our findings showed that proficient speakers produced concrete deictic gestures for referents that were not specified in speech, and iconic gestures for referents that were specified in speech, suggesting that these two types of gestures bear different kinds of semantic relations with speech. Their speech and gestures were transcribed and coded. Two groups of speakers who had different levels of English proficiency were asked to retell a story in English. This study examines whether concrete deictic gestures (i.e., gestures that point to physical entities) bear a different kind of relation to speech, and whether this relation is influenced by the language proficiency of the speakers. WONDER WOMAN and all related characters and elements © & ™ DC Comics.Previous research has found that iconic gestures (i.e., gestures that depict the actions, motions or shapes of entities) identify referents that are also lexically specified in the co-occurring speech produced by proficient speakers. SUPERMAN and all related characters and elements © & ™ DC Comics. SUPERGIRL and all related characters and elements © & ™ DC Comics. SCOOBY-DOO and all related characters and elements © & ™ Hanna-Barbera. LOONEY TUNES and all related characters and elements © & ™ Warner Bros. JUSTICE LEAGUE and all related characters and elements © & ™ DC Comics. (s22)īATMAN and all related characters and elements © & ™ DC Comics. © ICEE is a federally registered trademark.ĪQUAMAN and all related characters and elements © & ™ DC Comics. The Welch’s name and banner are registered trademarks of Welch Foods Inc., A cooperative. © 2022 The Promotion In Motion Companies, Inc. M&M’S, the SNICKERS logo and the parallelogram design, 3 MUSKETEERS, DOVE, MILKY WAY and TWIX are trademarks of Mars or Affiliates. “Coca-Cola”, “Coca-Cola Freestyle”, the Red Disk Icon and the Contour Bottle design are registered trademarks of The Coca-Cola Company. SIX FLAGS® and all related indicia are trademarks of Six Flags Theme parks, Inc.TM © 2022.įright Fest ® and Holiday in the Park ® are registered trademarks of Six Flags Theme Parks Inc.

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